The concept of 领土完整 (lǐngtǔ wánzhěng) is arguably one of the most important principles in the People's Republic of China. Its significance is deeply rooted in the collective memory of the “Century of Humiliation” (百年国耻, bǎinián guóchǐ), from the mid-19th to mid-20th century, when a weakened China was forced to sign unequal treaties and cede territory (like Hong Kong) to foreign powers. The modern emphasis on 领土完整 is a direct reaction to this history. It symbolizes national rejuvenation and a vow that China will never again suffer such indignities. It is a rallying cry for patriotism and national unity. Comparison to Western “Territorial Integrity”: In the West, “territorial integrity” is primarily a legal concept derived from international law (like the Peace of Westphalia). It's a fundamental principle of sovereignty but is often discussed in a detached, legalistic manner. In China, 领土完整 is both a legal principle and a deeply emotional, almost sacred, concept. It is tied to national identity, historical justice, and the legitimacy of the ruling party. Questioning it is not seen as a simple political disagreement but as a profound attack on the Chinese nation and its people.
This term is almost exclusively used in formal, official contexts. You will not hear it in casual, everyday conversation.
Its connotation is always solemn, firm, and non-negotiable. It signals that the topic at hand is a “core interest” (核心利益) on which there can be no compromise.