When combined, 资本 (zīběn) literally means “resource-root” or “asset-foundation.” This vividly paints a picture of capital as the fundamental resource from which business and wealth grow, like a tree from its roots.
The term 资本 (zīběn) is far more politically and ideologically charged in China than “capital” is in the West. In Western contexts, “capital” is a largely neutral, technical term from economics, a key ingredient for production alongside land and labor. In China, however, 资本 is inextricably linked to Marxist theory. For decades under Mao Zedong, `资本` and `资本家 (zīběnjiā - capitalist)` were demonized as tools of class exploitation, representing everything wrong with `资本主义 (zīběnzhǔyì - capitalism)`. Since the “Reform and Opening Up” (改革开放) period began in the late 1970s, China's official stance has shifted dramatically. The government now leverages `资本` as a critical engine for economic growth under the framework of “Socialism with Chinese Characteristics.” This has created a unique cultural tension. On one hand, private enterprise and accumulating capital are celebrated as paths to prosperity and national strength. On the other hand, the state remains wary of its power, periodically launching campaigns to `防止资本无序扩张 (fángzhǐ zīběn wúxù kuòzhāng)` or “prevent the disorderly expansion of capital,” ensuring it serves national goals and doesn't challenge the Party's authority. So, while an American might see “capital” as a simple tool for business, a Chinese person might see 资本 as a powerful, dual-edged sword: a source of incredible opportunity but also a force that must be carefully controlled.
资本 is used across various domains, from highly formal economic reports to informal chats.