The concept of 科学 (kēxué) is central to understanding modern China. The term itself was imported from Japan in the late 19th century to translate the Western concept of “science,” which is based on hypothesis, experimentation, and a theoretical framework. This contrasts with traditional Chinese systems of knowledge. While ancient China was a powerhouse of invention (e.g., gunpowder, paper, the compass), these were often products of empirical observation and practical craftsmanship rather than a formalized “scientific method.” In contemporary China, 科学 is not just an academic area; it is a pillar of national policy and a core cultural value. Deng Xiaoping's famous declaration, “科学技术是第一生产力” (kēxué jìshù shì dìyī shēngchǎnlì) — “Science and technology are the primary productive force” — set the stage for the nation's rapid economic development. Unlike in some Western cultures where “science vs. faith” can be a point of social debate, in China, 科学 is promoted almost as a state-endorsed worldview for progress, problem-solving, and achieving national strength. It represents modernity, rationality, and the path away from what might be considered “feudal” or “superstitious” (迷信, míxìn) ways of thinking.
科学 is an incredibly versatile word used in many contexts. As a Noun (Science): It is used to refer to the general field of science or a specific academic subject.
As an Adjective (Scientific, Logical, Rational): This is a very common usage that English speakers should master. It's used to praise something for being well-thought-out, efficient, or healthy. Conversely, 不科学 (bù kēxué) means “unscientific,” but is used broadly to mean “illogical,” “unreasonable,” or “unhealthy.”