检讨 (jiǎntǎo) is a concept deeply embedded in Chinese culture, reflecting collectivist values where individual actions are seen in the context of their impact on the group (family, school, company, or society). In Western cultures, an apology is often a personal expression of regret aimed at mending a relationship. A 检讨 is more structured and often public; it's a tool for restoring harmony and order by formally acknowledging a transgression against the group's rules or expectations. It demonstrates that the individual understands their mistake and subordinates their personal pride to the well-being of the collective. Historically, the term carries significant weight from its use during the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976). In that period, forced public 检讨 were used as a method of political persecution and public humiliation. While modern usage is far less severe, this history lends the term a powerful sense of seriousness and formality that is absent from a simple “sorry.” For many, being asked to do a 检讨 can still feel intimidating, as it implies a significant failure that requires formal correction.
The use of 检讨 varies from very serious to slightly ironic, depending on the context.