The characters literally combine to mean “to calculate and argue over every single jin.” This creates a vivid image of someone weighing and measuring every tiny thing to ensure they don't lose out, even by the smallest margin. It perfectly captures the essence of being petty and overly calculating.
In Chinese culture, generosity and magnanimity, captured by the word 大方 (dàfang), are highly prized social virtues. Being 大方 means you don't sweat the small stuff, you are generous with friends, and you contribute to social harmony. It helps everyone maintain 面子 (miànzi), or social face. 斤斤计较 is the cultural antithesis of 大方. A person who is 斤斤计较 is seen as 小气 (xiǎoqì - stingy, petty) and difficult. They disrupt harmony by focusing on their own minor gains, often making others feel uncomfortable or embarrassed. For instance, insisting on splitting a dinner bill down to the exact cent is a classic example of 斤斤计较 behavior that would cause everyone involved to lose face. Comparison to Western Culture: While “penny-pinching” or “frugal” are similar, they don't carry the same strong negative social judgment. “Penny-pinching” can imply responsible saving, especially in tough times. 斤斤计较, however, is almost always a criticism of someone's character. It's less about saving money and more about the argumentative, self-centered attitude over trivialities that damages relationships and social grace.
斤斤计较 is a common term used to criticize people in various aspects of life.