The characters literally combine to mean “to spread one's name and establish it among ten thousand people.” This paints a vivid picture of an individual's reputation spreading far and wide and becoming firmly established for generations to come.
The concept of 扬名立万 is deeply woven into the fabric of Chinese culture, reflecting a collective ambition that transcends individual gain. It's closely tied to the Confucian value of bringing honor to one's family and ancestors (光宗耀祖 - guāng zōng yào zǔ). Success is not just personal; it reflects upon one's entire lineage. A good Western comparison is the phrase “to make a name for oneself” or “to leave a legacy.” However, there's a key difference. The American “self-made” ideal often emphasizes individual achievement and financial success. 扬名立万, while encompassing success, places a heavier emphasis on reputation and historical significance. It's the difference between being a rich celebrity and being a respected historical figure like a founding father, a revolutionary scientist, or a legendary artist. The goal isn't just to be known, but to be known for something great and to be remembered for it.
While it has classical roots, 扬名立万 is very much alive in modern language. It's used to describe grand ambitions and significant achievements.
Its connotation is overwhelmingly positive and ambitious. Using it for a minor achievement would sound like a humorous exaggeration.