`家教` provides a fascinating window into the pressures and values of Chinese society. 1. The “Tutor” (Academic Pressure): In modern China, the education system is incredibly competitive, culminating in the life-altering university entrance exam, the `高考 (gāokǎo)`. This immense pressure has created a booming private tutoring industry. Hiring a `家教` is not a luxury for the struggling student; it's a standard and often necessary tool for nearly everyone, from elementary school to high school, to gain a competitive edge. This meaning of `家教` is a direct reflection of a society that places a supreme value on academic achievement as the primary path to success. 2. The “Upbringing” (Social Harmony and Respect): This meaning is more traditional and deeply rooted in Confucian values. A person who `有家教 (yǒu jiājiào)`, or “has family education,” is polite, respectful to elders, well-behaved, and understands social etiquette. Conversely, accusing someone of being `没家教 (méi jiājiào)`, “lacking family education,” is a serious insult. It's not just a critique of the individual's behavior but a condemnation of their entire family for failing to instill proper values. Comparison to Western Culture: While Western cultures have both private tutors and concepts like “being well-raised,” `家教` is different. A “tutor” in the West is often seen as remedial help. In China, a `家教` is often for excelling and getting ahead. “Well-raised” in the West is a general compliment, but `有家教` in China implies a more specific set of behaviors tied to respect for hierarchy, modesty, and social harmony. Saying someone is `没家教` is far more offensive than saying someone is “rude” or “impolite” in English.
This is the dominant meaning in everyday conversation, especially among students and parents.
This usage is judgmental and carries significant weight. It's used to praise good behavior or severely criticize bad behavior.