The characters combine logically: 嫌疑 (xiányí) is a compound word meaning “suspicion.” Adding 人 (rén) at the end literally creates “suspicion-person,” the person who is under suspicion.
In China, as in many Western countries, the legal system operates on the principle of “innocent until proven guilty” (无罪推定, wú zuì tuīdìng). The term 嫌疑人 (xiányírén) is a direct reflection of this principle. It is the official designation for someone during the investigation phase, before they are formally charged and become a 被告 (bèigào), or “defendant.” However, the cultural weight of being labeled a 嫌疑人 can be heavier in China than being called a “suspect” in some Western cultures. Due to the high-profile nature of media reports and a societal emphasis on social harmony and order, the accusation alone can lead to significant “loss of face” (丢面子) and social stigma for the individual and their family, regardless of the case's outcome. This term signals the formal start of a serious process that can have profound social and personal consequences.
You will encounter 嫌疑人 primarily in formal contexts.
The most critical mistake for learners is confusing 嫌疑人 with similar-sounding concepts.