In Chinese culture, the concept of enduring hardship, known as 吃苦 (chīkǔ), which literally translates to “eat bitterness,” is a highly respected virtue. 困难 (kùnnan) is the very “bitterness” one is expected to endure. It's not just an inconvenience to be eliminated but a test of one's character, resilience, and perseverance. This contrasts with a common Western perspective where a “difficulty” is primarily a “problem” to be “solved,” often through direct action, innovation, or confrontation. While problem-solving is also valued in China, the cultural script around 困难 places a heavier emphasis on patience, endurance, and maintaining composure through the struggle. A person who can face 困难 without complaint is seen as mature and strong. This ties into the collective value of contributing to the family or group by stoically bearing one's share of burdens.
困难 is a versatile and common word used in both formal and informal contexts.
Its connotation is neutral to negative, as it points to a problem, but discussing it can be positive if it's in the context of overcoming it or asking for help.
The most common point of confusion for learners is the difference between 困难 (kùnnan) and 难 (nán).
Rule of Thumb: If you can say “It is hard to [verb]…”, use 难. If you are talking about “a difficulty” (noun) or a “difficult situation” (adjective), use 困难.