The concept of 后果 (hòuguǒ) is deeply intertwined with the Chinese notion of 因果 (yīnguǒ), or “cause and effect.” While this has roots in Buddhist philosophy, it's a thoroughly secular and fundamental concept in modern Chinese society. It's the belief that every action has a direct and unavoidable reaction. In Western culture, “consequence” can sometimes be a neutral term used in logical planning (e.g., “Let's evaluate the potential consequences of this business merger”). In Chinese, however, saying “你要考虑后果 (nǐ yào kǎolǜ hòuguǒ)”—“You need to consider the consequences”—is almost exclusively a warning. It carries a sense of gravity and finality. It's a tool used by parents, teachers, and authorities to emphasize accountability and the seriousness of one's actions. This reflects a cultural value where personal choices are seen as having significant, often communal, repercussions that one must be prepared to bear.
后果 (hòuguǒ) is a common and powerful word used in various situations, almost always with a negative or serious tone.
The most common mistake for English speakers is confusing 后果 (hòuguǒ) with 结果 (jiéguǒ). While both can be translated as “result,” their connotations are worlds apart.
Incorrect Usage Example:
Rule of Thumb: If you can replace “result” with “negative consequence” or “aftermath” in English, use 后果 (hòuguǒ). If you just mean “outcome” or “end result,” use 结果 (jiéguǒ).