In modern China, 制裁 (zhìcái) is a word loaded with political and economic weight. It features heavily in discussions of international relations, especially concerning trade disputes and geopolitical tensions. When Chinese state media discusses sanctions imposed by other countries, it's often framed as an unjust infringement on national sovereignty and a tool of foreign “hegemony.” Conversely, when China imposes its own sanctions, they are presented as necessary and legitimate “counter-measures” (反制措施, fǎnzhì cuòshī) to protect national interests. Compared to the English word “sanctions,” the core meaning is nearly identical. However, the cultural emphasis in China is often on the principle of non-interference. The use of 制裁 is seen as a highly confrontational act that goes against the ideal of harmonious international relations. For a learner, it's important to recognize that hearing or reading the word 制裁 almost always signals a serious conflict or dispute, whether in a domestic legal context or on the world stage.
制裁 (zhìcái) is used almost exclusively in formal contexts. You will rarely, if ever, hear it in casual conversation unless discussing the news.
Its connotation is always serious and negative for the party being sanctioned. It implies a significant penalty with tangible consequences.