shēngyùlǜ: 生育率 - Fertility Rate, Birth Rate [The Contextual Chinese Dictionary]

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====== shēngyùlǜ: 生育率 - Fertility Rate, Birth Rate ======
===== Quick Summary =====
  * **Keywords:** shengyulv, 生育率, fertility rate, birth rate, China fertility rate, Chinese birth rate, China population decline, one-child policy, three-child policy, low birth rate, population aging.
  * **Summary:** The Chinese term **生育率 (shēngyùlǜ)** translates to "fertility rate" or "birth rate." It is a crucial term for understanding modern China's demographic challenges, social shifts, and economic future. Once defined by the famous one-child policy, China's low fertility rate is now a subject of intense national discussion, influencing government policies and the daily lives of millions as the country grapples with an aging population and a shrinking workforce.
===== Core Meaning =====
  * **Pinyin (with tone marks):** shēngyùlǜ
  * **Part of Speech:** Noun
  * **HSK Level:** N/A (Advanced/Specialized)
  * **Concise Definition:** A statistical measure representing the rate of childbirth in a population, often expressed as the number of live births per 1,000 people per year.
  * **In a Nutshell:** While on the surface `生育率` is a dry, statistical term, in China it's anything but. It's a hot-button topic you'll hear in news reports, government announcements, and family discussions. It represents the massive social and economic pressures facing young people, the legacy of decades of population control, and the country's urgent search for a sustainable future.
===== Character Breakdown =====
  * **生 (shēng):** This character means "to be born," "to give birth," or "life." It's a fundamental character seen in words like `学生 (xuéshēng)` - student (one who studies life/learning) and `生日 (shēngrì)` - birthday.
  * **育 (yù):** This character means "to raise," "to nurture," or "to educate." Think of `教育 (jiàoyù)` - education.
  * **率 (lǜ):** This character means "rate," "ratio," or "proportion," as in `效率 (xiàolǜ)` - efficiency.
When combined, `生育率 (shēngyùlǜ)` literally means the "birth-nurture rate," perfectly capturing the concept of the rate at which a new generation is born and raised.
===== Cultural Context and Significance =====
For much of Chinese history, the concept of a large family was deeply ingrained, summarized by the proverb `多子多福 (duō zǐ duō fú)`, meaning "more children, more blessings." However, the 20th and 21st centuries have seen a dramatic reversal of this norm, driven primarily by state policy.
The term `生育率` is inextricably linked to the **One-Child Policy (独生子女政策)**, implemented from roughly 1980 to 2015. This policy successfully lowered the nation's fertility rate but created a host of long-term problems: a rapidly aging population, a gender imbalance, and the "4-2-1" family structure, where a single child is responsible for supporting two parents and four grandparents.
Now, the government actively encourages more births through the **Two-Child (2016)** and **Three-Child (2021)** policies. However, the `生育率` remains stubbornly low.
The key cultural difference from the West is the role of the state versus individual choice. In Western countries, declining fertility rates are often attributed to economic pressures, career aspirations, and changing social norms. In China, while these factors are now significant, the entire demographic landscape was fundamentally reshaped by decades of direct government intervention. The current low `生育率` is not just an economic trend; it's a direct consequence of historical policy colliding with the high costs of modern living and education.
===== Practical Usage in Modern China =====
`生育率` is a formal and somewhat technical term. You will encounter it most often in the following contexts:
  * **News and Government Reports:** It's a standard term in media discussions about demographics, economics, and social policy.
  * **Academic Discussions:** Sociologists, economists, and demographers use it frequently.
  * **Formal Conversations:** Educated speakers might use it when discussing national issues.
In casual, everyday conversation, people are more likely to talk about the *act* or *pressure* of having children rather than the statistical rate. For example, a young person might complain about the `养孩子的压力 (yǎng háizi de yālì)` - "the pressure of raising a child," rather than "the low fertility rate." However, the *concept* behind the low `生育率` is a constant topic of conversation.
===== Example Sentences =====
  * **Example 1:**
    * 中国的**生育率**近年来持续下降。
    * Pinyin: Zhōngguó de **shēngyùlǜ** jìnniánlái chíxù xiàjiàng.
    * English: China's **fertility rate** has continued to decline in recent years.
    * Analysis: A typical, neutral statement you would find in a news article. `持续下降 (chíxù xiàjiàng)` means "to continuously decline."
  * **Example 2:**
    * 政府出台了新政策，希望能提高**生育率**。
    * Pinyin: Zhèngfǔ chūtái le xīn zhèngcè, xīwàng néng tígāo **shēngyùlǜ**.
    * English: The government introduced a new policy, hoping to raise the **fertility rate**.
    * Analysis: This sentence shows the cause-and-effect relationship between policy (`政策`) and the `生育率`. `出台 (chūtái)` means to "introduce" or "roll out" a policy.
  * **Example 3:**
    * 高昂的教育成本是导致**生育率**低的主要原因之一。
    * Pinyin: Gāo'áng de jiàoyù chéngběn shì dǎozhì **shēngyùlǜ** dī de zhǔyào yuányīn zhīyī.
    * English: The high cost of education is one of the main reasons for the low **fertility rate**.
    * Analysis: This links the demographic term to a concrete social issue, the `教育成本 (jiàoyù chéngběn)` or "cost of education."
  * **Example 4:**
    * 低**生育率**将对未来的养老金体系构成巨大挑战。
    * Pinyin: Dī **shēngyùlǜ** jiāng duì wèilái de yǎnglǎojīn tǐxì gòuchéng jùdà tiǎozhàn.
    * English: The low **fertility rate** will pose a huge challenge to the future pension system.
    * Analysis: This demonstrates the long-term economic consequences of a low `生育率`. `养老金体系 (yǎnglǎojīn tǐxì)` is "pension system."
  * **Example 5:**
    * 专家预测，全球**生育率**将进一步放缓。
    * Pinyin: Zhuānjiā yùcè, quánqiú **shēngyùlǜ** jiāng jìnyībù fànghuǎn.
    * English: Experts predict that the global **fertility rate** will slow down further.
    * Analysis: Shows the term used in a global context. `专家 (zhuānjiā)` means "expert."
  * **Example 6:**
    * 为了刺激**生育率**，一些欧洲国家提供慷慨的育儿补贴。
    * Pinyin: Wèile cìjī **shēngyùlǜ**, yīxiē Ōuzhōu guójiā tígōng kāngkǎi de yù'ér bǔtiē.
    * English: In order to stimulate the **fertility rate**, some European countries provide generous childcare subsidies.
    * Analysis: A comparative sentence showing how different countries address the issue. `育儿补贴 (yù'ér bǔtiē)` is "childcare subsidy."
  * **Example 7:**
    * 报告显示，东亚地区的**生育率**普遍偏低。
    * Pinyin: Bàogào xiǎnshì, Dōngyà dìqū de **shēngyùlǜ** pǔbiàn piān dī.
    * English: The report shows that the **fertility rate** in the East Asian region is generally on the low side.
    * Analysis: `普遍偏低 (pǔbiàn piān dī)` is a great phrase meaning "generally on the low side," often used in formal analysis.
  * **Example 8:**
    * 我们需要深入研究影响年轻人生育意愿的社会因素，而不仅仅是关注**生育率**这个数字。
    * Pinyin: Wǒmen xūyào shēnrù yánjiū yǐngxiǎng niánqīngrén shēngyù yìyuàn de shèhuì yīnsù, ér bùjǐnjǐn shì guānzhù **shēngyùlǜ** zhège shùzì.
    * English: We need to deeply research the social factors affecting young people's willingness to have children, and not just focus on the number that is the **fertility rate**.
    * Analysis: A more nuanced sentence that distinguishes between the statistic (`生育率`) and the underlying causes (`生育意愿` - willingness to have children).
  * **Example 9:**
    * 如果**生育率**不能回升，人口老龄化问题会越来越严重。
    * Pinyin: Rúguǒ **shēngyùlǜ** bùnéng huíshēng, rénkǒu lǎolínghuà wèntí huì yuèláiyuè yánzhòng.
    * English: If the **fertility rate** cannot rebound, the problem of population aging will become more and more serious.
    * Analysis: This sentence uses a conditional `如果...就...` structure to discuss future consequences. `回升 (huíshēng)` means "to rebound" or "rise again."
  * **Example 10:**
    * 许多发展中国家正经历从高**生育率**到低**生育率**的转变。
    * Pinyin: Xǔduō fāzhǎnzhōng guójiā zhèng jīnglì cóng gāo **shēngyùlǜ** dào dī **shēngyùlǜ** de zhuǎnbiàn.
    * English: Many developing countries are experiencing a transition from a high **fertility rate** to a low **fertility rate**.
    * Analysis: Describes a common demographic transition, using the `从...到... (cóng...dào...)` structure for "from...to...".
===== Nuances and Common Mistakes =====
  * **Statistic vs. Personal Action:** A common mistake for learners is to confuse the statistical term `生育率` with the personal act of having children. You would not say "My `生育率` is low." Instead, you would talk about the act itself.
    * **Incorrect:** 我的生育率很低。 (Wǒ de shēngyùlǜ hěn dī.)
    * **Correct:** 我生孩子有困难。 (Wǒ shēng háizi yǒu kùnnán.) - "I'm having difficulty having children."
    * **Correct:** 我不想生孩子。 (Wǒ bùxiǎng shēng háizi.) - "I don't want to have children."
    `生育率` applies to a population (a country, a region, a demographic group), not an individual.
  * **Fertility Rate vs. Population Growth Rate:** Do not confuse `生育率 (shēngyùlǜ)` with `人口增长率 (rénkǒu zēngzhǎng lǜ)` - population growth rate. The fertility rate is only one part of the equation. Population growth also accounts for the death rate and net migration. A country can have a low fertility rate but still have population growth due to immigration.
===== Related Terms and Concepts =====
  * [[人口]] (rénkǒu) - Population. The fundamental concept to which `生育率` is related.
  * [[老龄化]] (lǎolínghuà) - Societal aging; the process of a population getting older. A direct consequence of a low `生育率`.
  * [[独生子女政策]] (dúshēng zǐnǚ zhèngcè) - The One-Child Policy. The historical policy that is the primary driver of China's current demographic situation.
  * [[三孩政策]] (sānhái zhèngcè) - The Three-Child Policy. The current government policy attempting to reverse the low `生育率`.
  * [[丁克]] (dīngkè) - A loanword from the English "DINK" (Dual Income, No Kids). Refers to couples who choose not to have children.
  * [[出生率]] (chūshēnglǜ) - Crude Birth Rate. Technically slightly different from the Total Fertility Rate (TFR), but in non-academic contexts, `生育率` and `出生率` are often used interchangeably.
  * [[人口红利]] (rénkǒu hónglì) - Demographic dividend. The economic growth potential that can result from shifts in a population's age structure, which is now disappearing in China due to the low `生育率`.
  * [[养儿防老]] (yǎng ér fáng lǎo) - An old proverb: "Raise children to provide for you in old age." This traditional value is being challenged by modern demographic and economic realities.