xiányí: 嫌疑 - Suspicion (of a crime) [Contextual Chinese Dictionary]

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====== xiányí: 嫌疑 - Suspicion (of a crime) ======
===== Quick Summary =====
  * **Keywords:** xiányí, 嫌疑, suspicion in Chinese, criminal suspect in Chinese, 嫌疑人, under suspicion, Chinese legal terms, how to say suspect in Chinese, difference between 怀疑 and 嫌疑, police vocabulary in Chinese
  * **Summary:** The Chinese word **嫌疑 (xiányí)** translates to "suspicion," but it's not for everyday doubts. This formal term is primarily used in legal and criminal contexts to describe the state of being suspected of a crime or serious wrongdoing. Understanding **xiányí** is key to comprehending Chinese news reports, crime dramas, and discussions about the law, and it's often linked to the term for a criminal suspect, **嫌疑人 (xiányírén)**.
===== Core Meaning =====
<hanziwriter>嫌疑</hanziwriter>
  * **Pinyin (with tone marks):** xián yí
  * **Part of Speech:** Noun
  * **HSK Level:** HSK 6
  * **Concise Definition:** Suspicion, especially in a legal or criminal context.
  * **In a Nutshell:** Think of **嫌疑 (xiányí)** as "legal suspicion" or "criminal suspicion." This isn't the word you use to say, "I suspect it might rain." Instead, it's the official term used by police, lawyers, and journalists when someone is believed to be connected to a crime. It carries a heavy, formal weight and implies a specific, serious wrongdoing.
===== Character Breakdown =====
  * **嫌 (xián):** This character means to dislike, to resent, or to have a suspicion about something/someone. It combines the radical for "woman" (女) with 兼, which provides the sound. In this context, focus on its meaning of "suspicion" or "aversion."
  * **疑 (yí):** This character straightforwardly means to doubt, disbelieve, or be uncertain. It's a very common character related to all forms of doubt.
  * The two characters combine to create a powerful noun: a dislike-fueled doubt or a formal state of being doubted for a specific reason. **嫌 (suspicion) + 疑 (doubt) = 嫌疑 (formal, legal suspicion)**.
===== Cultural Context and Significance =====
In many Western cultures, the legal principle of "innocent until proven guilty" is deeply embedded in public consciousness. While this principle (无罪推定原则, wú zuì tuīdìng yuánzé) is also part of China's modern legal framework, the social impact of being labeled with **嫌疑 (xiányí)** can be profound and immediate.
Being under **嫌疑** in China can place a significant strain on one's social network and reputation (related to the concepts of [[面子|miànzi]] and [[关系|guānxi]]). The accusation itself, even without proof, can lead to social ostracism or damage to one's career. This is partly because of a cultural emphasis on community harmony and reputation. An official suspicion disrupts this harmony and casts a shadow that can be hard to remove, even if one is later officially cleared (洗清嫌疑, xǐqīng xiányí - literally "to wash clean of suspicion"). Therefore, **嫌疑** is not just a legal status; it's a heavy social label.
===== Practical Usage in Modern China =====
You will encounter **嫌疑 (xiányí)** almost exclusively in formal contexts.
  * **Legal and Police Contexts:** This is the most common usage. It's the standard term used in police reports, court documents, and legal discussions. The most frequent word you'll see it in is **犯罪嫌疑人 (fànzuì xiányírén)**, meaning "criminal suspect."
  * **News Reporting:** Journalists use **嫌疑** when reporting on ongoing investigations before a formal conviction has been made. For example, "The police have identified a suspect" (警方锁定了一名有**嫌疑**的男子).
  * **Formal Accusations (Figurative):** In a serious, non-legal situation, one might say someone's actions "arouse suspicion." For example, if a team member's behavior seems to be sabotaging a project, a manager might say their actions have **嫌疑**, but this is a very serious and formal way to phrase it.
The connotation is always neutral-to-negative and highly formal. It is never used in casual, lighthearted conversation.
===== Example Sentences =====
  * **Example 1:** 
    * 警方已经排除了他的**嫌疑**。
    * Pinyin: Jǐngfāng yǐjīng páichúle tā de **xiányí**.
    * English: The police have already cleared him of suspicion.
    * Analysis: This shows a common and important collocation: **排除嫌疑 (páichú xiányí)**, "to rule out/eliminate suspicion."
  * **Example 2:** 
    * 他因涉嫌盗窃而被捕，目前有重大作案**嫌疑**。
    * Pinyin: Tā yīn shèxián dàoqiè ér bèibǔ, mùqián yǒu zhòngdà zuò'àn **xiányí**.
    * English: He was arrested for suspected theft and is currently under major suspicion of committing the crime.
    * Analysis: **重大嫌疑 (zhòngdà xiányí)** means "major/serious suspicion," indicating that the evidence against the person is strong.
  * **Example 3:** 
    * 现场的证据不足以证明他的**嫌疑**。
    * Pinyin: Xiànchǎng de zhèngjù bùzú yǐ zhèngmíng tā de **xiányí**.
    * English: The evidence at the scene is insufficient to prove his suspicion.
    * Analysis: This sentence highlights that **嫌疑** is a state that needs to be proven or disproven by **证据 (zhèngjù)**, or evidence.
  * **Example 4:** 
    * 为了避开**嫌疑**，他那天整晚都待在家里。
    * Pinyin: Wèile bìkāi **xiányí**, tā nà tiān zhěng wǎn dōu dāi zài jiālǐ.
    * English: In order to avoid suspicion, he stayed at home all that night.
    * Analysis: **避开嫌疑 (bìkāi xiányí)** means "to avoid suspicion," showing a proactive attempt to not be implicated.
  * **Example 5:** 
    * 作为唯一的目击者，他暂时无法摆脱**嫌疑**。
    * Pinyin: Zuòwéi wéiyī de mùjīzhě, tā zànshí wúfǎ bǎituō **xiányí**.
    * English: As the only witness, he is temporarily unable to shake off the suspicion.
    * Analysis: **摆脱嫌疑 (bǎituō xiányí)** is another common phrase meaning "to get rid of/shake off suspicion."
  * **Example 6:** 
    * 他的奇怪举动引起了保安的**嫌疑**。
    * Pinyin: Tā de qíguài jǔdòng yǐnqǐle bǎo'ān de **xiányí**.
    * English: His strange behavior aroused the suspicion of the security guard.
    * Analysis: This demonstrates how **嫌疑** can be "aroused" or "caused" (**引起 (yǐnqǐ)**). This usage is slightly more general but still carries a serious tone.
  * **Example 7:** 
    * 检察官认为，被告有最大的**嫌疑**。
    * Pinyin: Jiǎncháguān rènwéi, bèigào yǒu zuìdà de **xiányí**.
    * English: The prosecutor believes the defendant is the prime suspect (lit., has the greatest suspicion).
    * Analysis: A good example of legal context. The noun **嫌疑** is used with **有 (yǒu)** to mean "to be under suspicion."
  * **Example 8:** 
    * 他努力想洗清自己身上的**嫌疑**。
    * Pinyin: Tā nǔlì xiǎng xǐqīng zìjǐ shēnshang de **xiányí**.
    * English: He is trying hard to clear his name of suspicion.
    * Analysis: **洗清嫌疑 (xǐqīng xiányí)**, literally "to wash clean of suspicion," is a vivid and common phrase for proving one's innocence.
  * **Example 9:** 
    * 任何没有不在场证明的人都有**嫌疑**。
    * Pinyin: Rènhé méiyǒu bùzàichǎng zhèngmíng de rén dōu yǒu **xiányí**.
    * English: Anyone without an alibi is under suspicion.
    * Analysis: This is classic "crime drama" language, showing how the state of **嫌疑** is applied during an investigation.
  * **Example 10:** 
    * 他的沉默加重了大家对他的**嫌疑**。
    * Pinyin: Tā de chénmò jiāzhòngle dàjiā duì tā de **xiányí**.
    * English: His silence increased everyone's suspicion of him.
    * Analysis: Shows that actions (or inaction) can "increase" or "aggravate" (**加重 (jiāzhòng)**) suspicion.
===== Nuances and Common Mistakes =====
The single most common mistake for learners is confusing **嫌疑 (xiányí)** with **怀疑 (huáiyí)**. They both relate to doubt, but their usage is completely different.
**嫌疑 (xiányí) - Noun - Formal/Legal Suspicion**
  * It's a state of being suspected of a crime.
  * You cannot use it as a verb. It's almost always used with verbs like **有 (yǒu)**, **排除 (páichú)**, or **引起 (yǐnqǐ)**.
  * Correct: 他有**嫌疑**。 (Tā yǒu **xiányí**.) - He is under suspicion.
  * Incorrect: 我**嫌疑**他偷了钱。 (This is grammatically wrong.)
**怀疑 (huáiyí) - Verb/Noun - General Doubt/Suspicion**
  * This is your everyday word for "to doubt" or "to suspect." It can be used for anything, from questioning a fact to suspecting a friend is lying.
  * It's primarily used as a verb.
  * Correct: 我**怀疑**他偷了钱。 (Wǒ **huáiyí** tā tōule qián.) - I suspect he stole the money.
  * Correct: 我**怀疑**明天会下雨。 (Wǒ **huáiyí** míngtiān huì xià yǔ.) - I suspect it will rain tomorrow.
In short: Use **怀疑 (huáiyí)** for your own personal suspicions in daily life. Use **嫌疑 (xiányí)** when talking about someone being an official suspect in a crime or serious wrongdoing.
===== Related Terms and Concepts =====
  * [[嫌疑人]] (xiányírén) - The most direct derivative: "suspect," the person who is under **嫌疑**.
  * [[怀疑]] (huáiyí) - The general, everyday term for "to doubt" or "to suspect." The most important term to distinguish from **嫌疑**.
  * [[调查]] (diàochá) - To investigate. This is the official action taken when there is **嫌疑**.
  * [[证据]] (zhèngjù) - Evidence. What is needed to confirm or eliminate **嫌疑**.
  * [[犯罪]] (fànzuì) - To commit a crime. **嫌疑** is often related to a specific **犯罪**.
  * [[清白]] (qīngbái) - Innocent; a clean record. This is the state of being free from **嫌疑**.
  * [[排除]] (páichú) - To eliminate; to rule out. Commonly used in the phrase **排除嫌疑** (to clear of suspicion).
  * [[指控]] (zhǐkòng) - To accuse; to charge. A formal legal step that may follow after a period of **嫌疑**.
  * [[被告]] (bèigào) - Defendant; the accused. The legal title for a person after they have been formally charged, moving beyond just being a suspect.